Conjugation of Pensar

Conjugation of Pensar Pensar, an action word typically importance to believe, is a prototypical stem-evolving action word. The - e-in the stem (pens-) changes to - ie-when pushed, and in every other circumstance the action word is normally conjugated. Different action words following the example of pensar incorporate acertar, alentar, apretar, arrendar, atravesar, calentar, cerrar, confesar, despertar, encerrar, enterrar, gobernar, helar, manifestar, merendar, recomendar, reventar, sembrar and sentar. Sporadic structures are appeared beneath in boldface. Interpretations are given as a guide and, in actuality, may fluctuate with setting. Infinitive of Pensar pensar (to think) Ing word of Pensar pensando (thinking) Participle of Pensar pensado (thought) Present Indicative of Pensar yo pienso, tã º piensas, usted/Ã ©l/ella piensa, nosotros/as pensamos, vosotros/as pensis, ustedes/ellos/ellas piensan (I think, you think, he thinks, and so on.) Preterite of Pensar yo pensã ©, tã º pensaste, usted/Ã ©l/ella pensã ³, nosotros/as pensamos, vosotros/as pensasteis, ustedes/ellos/ellas pensaron (I thought, you thought, she thought, and so on.) Flawed Indicative of Pensar yo pensaba, tã º pensabas, usted/Ã ©l/ella pensaba, nosotros/as pensbamos, vosotros/as pensabais, ustedes/ellos/ellas pensaban (I used to think, you used to think, he used to think, and so forth.) Future Indicative of Pensar yo pensarã ©, tã º pensars, usted/Ã ©l/ella pensar, nosotros/as pensaremos, vosotros/as pensarã ©is, ustedes/ellos/ellas pensarn (I will figure, you will figure, he will think, and so forth.) Contingent of Pensar yo pensarã ­a, tã º pensarã ­as, usted/Ã ©l/ella pensarã ­a, nosotros/as pensarã ­amos, vosotros/as pensarã ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas pensarã ­an (I would figure, you would figure, she would think, and so forth.) Present Subjunctive of Pensar que yo piense, que tã º pienses, que usted/Ã ©l/ella piense, que nosotros/as pensemos, que vosotros/as pensã ©is, que ustedes/ellos/ellas piensen (that I think, that you think, that she think, and so on.) Flawed Subjunctive of Pensar que yo pensara (pensase), que tã º pensaras (pensases), que usted/Ã ©l/ella pensara (pensase), que nosotros/as pensramos (penssemos), que vosotros/as pensarais (pensaseis), que ustedes/ellos/ellas pensaran (pensasen) (that I thought, that you thought, that he thought, and so forth.) Basic of Pensar piensa tã º, no pienses tã º, piense usted, pensemos nosotros/as, pensad vosotros/as, no pensã ©is vosotros/as, piensen ustedes (think, dont think, think, lets think, and so forth.) Compound Tenses of Pensar The ideal tenses are made by utilizing the fitting type of haber and the past participle, pensado. The dynamic tenses use estar with the ing word, pensando. Test Sentences Showing Conjugation of Pensar and Similarly Conjugated Verbs Quien no quiere pensar es un fantico. Quien no puede pensar es un idiota. Quien no osa pensar es un cobarde. (Whoever wouldn't like to believe is a fan. Whoever can't believe is a numbskull. Whoever doesn't set out to believe is a quitter. Infinitive.) Aã ºn no he pensado en la cuestiã ³n del retiro. (I still havent contemplated the topic of retirement. Present great.) Â ¿CÃ ³mo calienta un microondas los alimentos? (How does a microwave heat up food? Present characteristic.) Los padres pensaron que perderã ­an el derecho de vivir en Estados Unidos. (The guardians figured they would lose the option to live in the United States. Preterite.) Hasta ahora tasks los expertos recomendaban que lo perfect period comer cinco veces al dã ­a. (As of recently all the specialists prescribed that the perfect was to eat five times each day. Defective.) Nos manifestaremos hasta tener una soluciã ³n. (We will exhibit until we have an answer. Future.) Mi madre siempre sabe lo que estamos pensando. (My mom consistently realizes what we are thinking. Present dynamic.) No pude evitar preguntarme si pensarã ­amos lo mismo doce horas ms tarde. (I couldnt abstain from inquiring as to whether we would think something very similar 12 hours after the fact. Restrictive.) Los jueces no permitir que gobierne los socialistas. (The appointed authorities won't permit the communists to administer. Present subjunctive.) No sã © lo que ocurrirã ­a si yo pensara como tã º. (I dont comprehend what might occur on the off chance that I thought like you. Blemished subjunctive.) Â ¡Despierta Amã ©rica! (Wake up, America! Basic.)

The XYZ Family

Family tree The XYZ is a family unit comprising of four individuals. The family contains a spouse, a wife, and three youngsters. Two out of the three kids are guys. The leader of the family is called Mr. W and he is 55 years of age. He is the principle supplier for the family. His significant other is called Mrs. W and she is 50 years old.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual investigation test on The XYZ Family explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The oldest child is called Mr. J and he is 27 years of age followed by Mr. K who is 24 years of age. The last conceived in the family is little girl called L and she is 22 years of age. Mr. W and Mrs. W are of Hispanic plunge and at present live inside the district of Saddle Lake. This family comprises of two ages; matured grown-ups in their fifties and youthful grown-ups in their twenties. Mr. W, who serves as the leader of the family, is a neighborhood vendor and has a generally little food booth inside the Sa ddle Lake town. The hypertension and disease territory of Mr. W and Mrs. W is causing a great deal o worry to their girl who has the sole obligation of guaranteeing that the guardians get the best locally established treatment, regardless of experiencing malignant growth herself. In addition, the lush idea of the two children is distressing to the guardians who are battling with sicknesses identified with mature age. The guardians are concerned of what will happen to their children if the fixation continues for long. Utilizing the Bowen Family treatment model, the accompanying genogram was created. (Source: Self created) Social, financial, and natural factors in the family The family lives in a little provincial house inside the Saddle neighborhood. The house is certifiably not an advanced asylum showing that the family isn't monetarily steady. As uncovered by Mr. W, his yearly pay is $12,000, while that of his kids is around $3,000 on average.Advertising Looking for contextual anal ysis on sociologies? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since all individuals from the family are grown-ups, each is assigned an age-fitting job and has been fruitful in achieving these undertakings. For example, Mr. W and Mrs. W have figured out how to purchase a house and train their youngsters to highs school level of instruction. The kids have at present taken up employments at booth as a major aspect of serving interests of the XYZ family. Stress the executives and wellbeing concerns The family is in adulthood improvement stage since all the youngsters are presently grown-ups. The guardians are joined in marriage and have raised another age of grown-ups, who are nearly changing to their own relationships. The family has been fruitful in presenting Mrs. W as individual from the family through marriage in the past stage. From the association of Mr. W and Mrs. W, it has prompted development of three additional individuals. From the appraisal, Mrs. W admitted that her dad additionally had disease condition when he was matured. This condition was additionally present in her granddad who passed on of the illness at 50 years old years. Along these lines, it is evident that there is a family ancestry of hereditary inclination to malignant growth sickness from the family chain of Mrs. W. The condition has been there for the last three ages. At present, it is a genuine wellbeing worry in the life of Mrs. W, Mr. W, and their little girl. Furthermore, the hypertension and malignancy province of Mr. W and Mrs. W is causing a great deal o worry to their girl who has the sole duty of guaranteeing that the guardians get the best locally established treatment, in spite of experiencing malignant growth herself. The alcoholic idea of the two children is exceptionally unpleasant to the guardians who are battling with sicknesses identified with mature age. The guardians are stressed of what will happen to their children if the fixation endures for long. Hypothetical model, intercession, and finding Theoretical model In breaking down wellbeing worries of this family, the mediation and analysis was done through the DSM-5 model. This model â€Å"allows clinicians and associations greater adaptability in how to sort out analytic information† (Akin et al. 2012, p. 34). This implies clinicians are in a situation to introduce the demonstrative data in a composed and satisfactory way. This wellbeing advancement model is basic in encouraging accomplishment of high and attractive degrees of prosperity. Corresponding to interventional plan for diminishing malignant growth, the wellbeing advancement model has components which straightforwardly energize constructive asset arrangement among the human services work force. The basic objectives are helping the patients change conduct as part for battling colorectal disease and offering choices, which patients may endeavor to seek after perfect wellbeing. This model works on the suspicions that patients are proactive in controlling their own conduct and attempting to successfully improve the health and general condition. The DSM-5 has the analytic unwavering quality scale for estimating the level of precision in the tests and side effects when doing determination for a disease.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual investigation test on The XYZ Family explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, the intraclass kappa segment is fundamentally the scale for estimating the dependability of various raters for estimations to decide the consistency and total concurrence with the foreordained scale (Jones-Smith, 2011). According to the XYZ family’s wellbeing worries on disease and hypertension, the analysis included arranging the sort of ailment a patient is experiencing through utilization of the foreordained analytic data that had a scope of impact, that is, from gentle to intense. The finding was trailed by t ests that were estimated against foreordained outcomes for each condition of the infection to guarantee that it had great unwavering quality as showed in the DSM-5 model. The clinical advantage of having a generally excellent dependability was to ensure exact conclusion and prober recording of the determination data (Akin et al. 2012). The DSM-5 model harped on three principle building squares. These structure squares are preventive consideration, locally situated consideration, and treatment based consideration. Through these components, the intercession nurture was allowed a chance to actualize the triangular mediation instrument. The components of directing locally situated consideration and incorporated network based help assumed a key job in progress estimation. Yield of the program was estimated by the degree of positive reaction as prosecuted in the graph underneath (Akin et al. 2012). (Source: Rigazio-DiGilio, 2005) As demonstrated in the Watson’s hypothesis of human mindful, the XYZ family network has both regulating and relative needs. For example, every person in the network evaluation bunch has one of a kind clinical and mental needs which are not obliged by the wellbeing and social help places inside the community.Advertising Searching for contextual investigation on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Truth be told, direct nursing mediation as proposed by the change hypothesis will guarantee that the standardizing and similar needs are tended to in an economical way inside the worthy morals of nursing (Lewis, 2011). Finding From the appraisal, it is obvious that the XYZ family is in desperate requirement for directing help, clinical help, and social help so as to adapt up to hypertension, disease, and liquor fixation. The two guardians are experiencing malignancy and hypertension while the children are liquor addicts. The main little girl is likewise having disease and it is negatively affecting the family. Since the XYZ family comprises of individuals from two age gatherings, family structure and jobs influence the family’s wellbeing in that the kids need to adapt to weight of dealing with their feeble guardians, in spite of having own wellbeing concerns. The youngsters can't manage the cost of human services for their folks and must play the job of medical caretakers in t he command post care. Structure for dealing with the treatment needs Flow outline: Accreditation rule (Source: Rigazio-DiGilio, 2005) Questions to ask What are your convictions on complete wellbeing? Are there any diseases you are experiencing? What is the financial situation of the family? Do you need any treatment support and would you say you will try out a treatment program? What might you prescribe to assist you with dealing with the present wellbeing concerns? Mediation Medical help: Apparently, the individuals from the evaluation network need clinical help regardless of presence of a few medicinal services habitats inside the appraisal area. The human services communities don't have projects to help those without social insurance protection. The senior individuals from the XYZ family network need to get by without appropriate clinical consideration. The offspring of the family network additionally don't have clinical protection or assurance from the nearby clinical focuses. T here is have to set up a social trust for offering clinical types of assistance to the poor at sponsored costs inside the normal salary of families in the network (Akin, Mendi, Ozturk, Cinper, Durna, 2012). Directing help: From the above network appraisal, it is clear that the social and youth administration focuses don't have the ability to offer advising administrations to the family network. The absence of limit has made the medicinal services openness a test inside the evaluation network. The inside ought to present more grounded projects and structures inside the young, matured, and social focuses to offer directing administrations to the network as enthusiastic, and mental advising. This will go far in enthusiastic requirements for those experiencing distinctive clinical concerns (Akin et al. 2012). Social help: The present structures inside the nearby network wellbeing structures of the appraisal family network don't have bolster administrations for enthusiastic and physical help. The people group doesn't have a solid network volunteers program to f

Time Travel Essay Topics - What to Write About

Time Travel Essay Topics - What to Write AboutTime travel is an issue that often crops up in The Time Machine essay topics. A good idea is to take a step back and reflect on what the main idea is, and then start working on the specifics of the time travel time machine itself.Time travel essay topics are often built around one main idea, but it is important to give some thought to the concept of the time machine in general. You want to come up with a basis for the concept, but also be mindful of it being used in different situations. This way you can change the concept as much as needed without changing the essay in general.Time travel essay topics often involve the evolution of mankind's role in the evolutionary process. The question, how did humans go from primitive cave dwelling creatures to the modern planet dwellers that they are today? The focus should be more on this evolution rather than the technological development of the time machine. The time machine will probably be found in various different settings, and so one should use the evolution of man in each setting to answer the question.Time travel essay topics are usually concerned with the implications of time travel, and how it affects different people. It is not only about how the person will travel through time, but also how the same travel may affect people who do not travel through time, or those that do not have access to the device. It should be said that there are people who actually believe that the outcome of traveling through time is a bit more negative than positive.Many people wonder if they can travel back in time and fix things that are wrong in their life or who they might have hurt. Others would like to go back in time and undo past mistakes that are made. The main question however, is how one is able to travel back in time and what is required in order to do so.In these instances, time travel essay topics often fall into one of two categories. There are those that view the time trave l as being a force that affects a person and forces them to change the outcome of a situation, while others see the time travel as a solution to all problems.Some feel that they are still able to live life differently if they change what they do, while others believe that they are living life out of a need to make the future better. One is encouraged to reflect on their own views of the subject, and consider how their views may be influencing the choice to use the time machine. In addition, students may find the practice of other students reflecting on their own views and experiences helpful, as well as looking at the time-travel essay topic as an opportunity to gain some insight into other viewpoints.In general, time travel essay topics are written in such a way that it is not a simple straight forward think tank type of essay. In order to create a logical argument, there should be some attention paid to detail, and this is often where the students should pay attention, as well as watch the debate play out between different students of the subject.

Personal Values And Core Values - 929 Words

V. I am completely aware that having my personal values, core values of the profession, and my social statuses may have an impact on building a professional helping relationships in social work practice. 5A. Person Values Having strong personal values may have an impact on my professional status because not every client will have those values. This can be negative because it will cause me expect too much from my clients. Giving them these great expectations that they must succeed and continue to push through it all, even when it’s too hard can be overwhelming for them. It will make me out to be a sergeant rather than a social worker, and could potentially push my client away from my services. I wouldn’t want that for my clients, I want to give them my best services. My clients will be going through hard times and may want to give up, they may not see the need to be dedicated to improving their life due to all the destruction going on. I understand that it can be difficult to stay dedicated to something when you don’t have all the needs met in life. Without transportation they can’t stay devoted to a job or any service that requires consistency. Even though they may not beli eve dedication or improvement is of value to their life, it will be good for them to see someone that is dedicated to their needs. A social worker should always be dedicated to their clients and their needs. Core Values As I continue to develop in the field of social work the core values of thisShow MoreRelatedPersonal Values : Core Values1791 Words   |  8 PagesRunning head: CORE VALUES ASSIGNMENT 1 CORE VALUES ASSIGNMENT 10 Core Values Assignment Abel ben shepherds Nimmagadda Utica College De bono (1933) quoted ?Effectiveness without values is a tool without a purpose?. Came to my mind when I first read Professionalism in Physical Therapy: Core Values published by American Physical Therapy Association. I believe that core values play a major role in determining one?s standing in the society, either as an Individual or an Organization. APTA (2003)Read MorePersonal Core Values742 Words   |  3 Pageswords I should say for consideration you never know when it might help. Dedication is one of my personal core values. Bethany has set out a set of core values and we have been going through these are integrity, hospitality, community, servant leadership, sustainability, excellence. For this assignment I’m going to talk about integrity because I feel it plays a lot to do with you as a human. My personal definition for dedication is being committed and giving everything, you have towards something.Read MorePersonal Statement And Core Values1861 Words   |  8 PagesPe rsonal Mission Statement and Core Values My personal mission is to constantly strive to be the best overall person that I can be within my personal and professional life. 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Understand that writing is a practice which involves a multi-stage, recursive and social process. This core value is about being able to demonstrate in your writing that you are able to take others feedback and use their feedback to revise your own essay, which I used throughout my first essay and the other two as well. While writing my essays the feedback from others has helped me make my essays better and more interesting. Without peer-editing my essays would have never became strongerRead MoreMy Core Personal Values918 Words   |  4 PagesMy personal values presumably act as a basis to recognize between what is right and wrong and thus, determine my daily actions and emotions. My mother, Jo Ann Smith and my education have both played profound roles in the development of my core personal values: personal integrity, responsibility, and ambition. Additionally, these influences have demonstrated that the rule-based approach determined what conduct is consistent with these key values. Before I was the age of 6, my parents were divorcedRead MorePersonal Core Values And Beliefs1489 Words   |  6 PagesSituation â€Å"Where’s the line between keeping your board informed and burdening the board with running the day-to-day business?† Personal Core Values and Beliefs It is important for board members to have some insight into the day-to-day operations of the organization since they technically are volunteers and donors. They dedicate time to governing the organization and financially contribute their own money and/or encourage others to do so. However, board members are generally busy people who doRead MorePersonal Statement On Core Value Essay1121 Words   |  5 PagesCore Value 1: †¢ Family – Family is important to me because in my family blood is thicker than water. We are very supportive of one another and we spend time with each other during the holidays and have family reunions every 2-4 years. I would not be who I am without me family they are a reflection of who I am and what I aspire to be. Core Value 2: †¢ Faith - Faith is important to me because I feel like I’m able to build a connection with someone that knows me better than I know myself. While growingRead MorePersonal Statement : My Core Values2725 Words   |  11 Pagesstate my personal developmental plan that lists my strengths and weaknesses, recognizes patterns of behaviors that affect my leadership abilities, and creates a roadmap that will result in change to accomplish set, realistic goals. This paper will outline my core values, convey my vision statement, and outline methods I use for follow-up and evaluation of personal goal objectives. The first step in reaching my leadership potential is to identify and understand my personal core values. My core valuesRead MoreDevelopment of My Personal Core Values Essay1348 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal values are something which we develop through the course of life; they can change over time and may be influenced by our family, friends, culture, religion and the media. Personal values develop through experience and development, they impact our personal lives as well as our professional lives. This essay will look at my personal values, how they were shaped through the course of my life and the influence on my view of society and the role of the practitioner. Conclusively, I will outline

How to Give Teenagers Advice Lesson for ESL

In this lesson plan, students will have the opportunity to practice offering advice to teenagers. This can be an especially fun activity to do with high school students. Lesson Plan - Giving Advice to Teenagers Aim: Building reading comprehension and advice giving skills / focus on modal verb should and modal verbs of deduction Activity: Reading about teenage problems followed by group work Level: Intermediate - Upper Intermediate Outline: Start off the lesson by asking students to suggest what type of problems teenagers typically may have.Use one of the problems mentioned and inductively review modal verbs of deduction by asking questions such as, What must have happened to the boy?, Do you think he might have lied to his parents?, etc.Ask students for advice on what the person should do (reviewing the modal verb should).Have students get into small groups (four or five students).Distribute the handout with the various teen problems taken from real life. Assign one (or two) situations to each group.Have the students answer the questions as a group. Ask students to use the same forms as given in the questions (i.e. What might he have thought? - ANSWER: He might have thought it was too difficult.)Students should then use the sheet to report back to the class actively using the modal verb should to give advice.As a follow-up exercise or homework:Ask students to write about a problem they have had.Students should not writ e their names on their short problem descriptionDistribute the problems to other studentsHave students answer the questions about the situation described by on of their classmatesAsk students to verbally give recommendations Teenage Problems - Giving Advice ​ questionnaire: Read your situation and then answer the following questions What might the relationship be between the person and his / her parents?How must he / she feel?What cant have happened?Where might he / she live?Why might he / she have this problem?What should he / she do? (Give at least 5 suggestions) Teenage Problems:Sample Texts Should I Marry Him? I have been with my boyfriend for almost four years, We are going to get married next year but, there are a couple of concerns I have: One is the fact that he never talks about his feelings - he keeps everything inside of him. He sometimes has trouble with expressing his excitement about things. He never buys me flowers or takes me out to dinner. He says that he doesnt know why, but he never thinks of things like that. I dont know if this is a side effect of depression or, maybe, he is sick of me. He says that he loves me  and that he wants to marry me. If this is true, what is his problem? Female, 19 For Friendship or Love? Im one of those guys who have the quite normal problem: Im in love with a girl, but I dont know what to do. I have already had a crush on some girls, never with any success, but this is something different. My problem is actually that Im too cowardly to tell her anything. I know that she likes me and were very, very good friends. Weve known each other for about three years, and our friendship has constantly become better. We often get into quarrels, but we always make up. Another problem is that we often talk about problems with each other, so I know she is having problems with her boyfriend (who I think is no good for her). We meet almost every day. We always have a lot of fun together, but is it really so difficult to love someone who has been a good chum until now? Male, 15 Please Help me and My Family My family doesnt get along. Its like we all hate each other. Its my mom, my two brothers, a sister, and I. I am the oldest. We all have certain problems: My mom wants to quit smoking so she is really stressed out. I am really selfish — I just cant help it. One of my brothers is too bossy. He thinks he is better than the rest of us, and that he is the only one who helps my mom. My other brother is kind of abusive and depressed. He always starts fights and hes really spoiled. My mom doesnt yell at him for doing things wrong and when she does, he laughs at her. My sister — whos 7 — makes messes and doesnt clean them up. I really want to help because I dont like being upset all of the time and having everyone hate everyone else. Even when we start to get along, someone will say something to upset someone else. Please help me and my family. Female, 15 Hates School I hate school. I cannot stand my school so I skip it almost every day. Luckily, I am a smart person. Im in all of the advanced classes and dont have a reputation as a rebel. Only the people who really know me know about my strange feelings. My parents dont care — they dont even mention it if I dont go to school. What I end up doing is sleeping all day and then staying up all night talking to my girlfriend. I get behind in my work and, when I try to go back to school, I get a bunch of crap from my teachers and friends. I just get so depressed when I think about it. I have given up on trying to go back and am considering dropping out altogether. I really dont want to do that because I realize it would ruin my life. I dont want to go back at all, but I also dont want it to ruin my life. I am so confused and I have really tried to go back and just cant take it. What should I do? Please help. Male, 16

The Philosophy of Community Policing - 710 Words

Community policing is a philosophy. It uses organizational strategies that support the use of partnerships and problem solving techniques to address issues of public safety.Community-oriented policing is collaboration between the community, organizations within the community, and the police that identify and solve community problems. Police officers work with the community to help solve problems related to crime, fear of crime, social and physical disorder, and neighborhood conditions. They do this to enhance the safety and quality of neighborhoods. Officers spend time in these neighborhoods getting to know the residents and business owners by talking to them about the problems that the community is facing or individuals who are causing problems. They are responsible for reducing crime in their beats. There are several law enforcement agencies that have incorporated community-oriented policing programs as a part of their philosophy. The key element to community policing is crime prevention. Memphis police department and Pasadena police department have formed partnerships with their communities to help in reducing recidivism. Each of these agencies has several community policing programs that they have established to improve the quality of life for their citizens. Memphis and Pasadena have a program that is targeted for juveniles. Memphis’s is a Community Outreach Program (C.O.P.) that was developed to reduce juvenile violence. Pasadena’s came up with the diversion program,Show MoreRelatedImplementing Different Policing Strategies773 Words   |  3 PagesPolice agencies all over the world implement different policing strategies in accordance with the purpose. Community policing is one of the philosophy in which most of the countries effectively working with it. Accor ding to U. S. 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Community policing was established in the 1970s, but did not become popular until the 1990s. The goal of community policing is to rebuild the bond between citizens and police officers, while at the same

Donner Party free essay sample

Document Study: Donner Party 1. The Donner Party was made up of the Donner brothers, George and Jacob, along with their wives and children, all adding up to 8 people, they were the main members. The families set off with another friend, John Denton, six wagons and two teamsters, Noah James and Samuel Shoemaker. The Reeds were another key family and they consisted of James Reed, his wife Margaret and their three children. Also travelling with them were: Virginia Reed (Margaret’s daughter from a previous marriage), Margaret’s mother and 5 employees: A servant, Eliza Williams, her half-brother, Baylis, and three teamsters. Hiram Miller also travelled with the Reeds as an employee. The Breen’s (9 in total), Eddy’s (4 in total), Murphy’s (13 in total), the Keseberg’s and Hardkoop (6 in total), the Wolfinger’s, Spitzer and Reinhardt (4 in total), McCutchen’s (3 in total), Graves’ (12 in total), Stanton, Halloran, Antonio and Trudeau were the others who made up the party. 2. Virginia Elizabeth Reed was Margaret Reeds daughter from a previous marriage. She was 13 years of age when she left with the Donner Party. She wasn’t formally adopted by James Reed, but he was her legal guardian and treated her like one of his own children. Her writings have become the most invaluable source of information regarding the Donner Party’s experiences on their trek. 3. In her letters, with the innocent and naive perspective of a child, Virginia Reed writes about her experiences as a member of the fateful Donner Party. The letters are addressed to her cousin, Mary (â€Å"My dear cousin Mary) and all state â€Å"I take this opportunity to write to you now, that we are all well at present†. She explains and illustrates to her cousin the trouble that her family went through on their journey to California. We see that, until they came to the â€Å"Big Sandy†, they did not have any troubles but when they crossed the desert, some of their best oxen were lost, their â€Å"best yoke of oxen’s† and are forced to sell some of their supplies to replace the animals. She then goes on to explain how the Donner Party was then forced to take a short cut, â€Å"Hastings’s Cut-off†, over the Salt Plains. Apparently, the Donner Party saved three hundred miles but was forced to go through a ong drive of â€Å"40 miles without water†. They eventually reach the mountains and experience on of their coldest nights. To escape the freezing temperatures, Virginia tells us that â€Å"We spread one shawl down, we laid down on it and spread another over us and then put the dogs on top†. She further states that, â€Å"if it hadnt been for the dogs w e would have frozen†. The Party lost their cattle and were forced to halve their provisions. Soon enough, the Reeds are forced to pack all their provisions onto a single mule and trek through snow which was so deep â€Å"we could not go over†. They were forced to build cabins and withstand the horrid weather in the Sierra Nevada from November through to March. They had to resort to killing their dog for food and then buried his carcass. Ten members of the group die from starvation and malnutrition and Virginia states that â€Å"we was hardly able to walk†. Their bleak situation is made even more profound as the letter goes on. Finally â€Å"pa† arrives back from seeking help and manages to bring them to safety. Virginia remains proud that throughout the ordeal the Reeds were the â€Å"only family that did not eat human flesh†. The next letter she writes is much lighter in nature and Virginia outlines to her cousin, Mary, how beautiful California is, exclaiming that, â€Å"We are all very pleased with California† She then goes on to explain how everyone has put on weight and tells Mary that there are many horses. Finally she says, â€Å"It aut to be a beautiful country to pay us for our trouble giting there†, which it was and after all their troubles it was truly deserved! 4. The letters are a comprehensive report of the events the Donner Party experienced on their journey to California. They cover the frightening journey the Donner Party undertook in great detail, especially considering a12 year old girl wrote them! First and foremost, she writes about the harsh and inhospitable conditions the party met along the way. Virginia, however, rarely speaks of the other families and people in the Donner Party, making only a single reference to the Donner’s. After all the families are reunited again after crossing the Great Salt Plains, Virginia only writes of the events which concerned, and involved the Reeds. However, this is probably to be expected because as a 12 year old girl, her sights and priorities would be of her own family. Another major area which she avoids completely is the cannibalism which the other families took part of. The one instance of eating something close to her is when she speaks of eating their dog, Cash. Interestingly, in the original letter she had inked out the line involving ‘Cash’ and its inclusion can only be merited to the Illinois journal, which had the sentence recorded. You can infer that she inked out these lines because she was ashamed of what she did and that could be why she didn’t include it in the letters. However, apart from those areas, the letters are incredibly detailed and comprehensive. 5. This document is priceless as a historical source. Written by Virginia Reed herself, it is a primary source which captures the feelings and experiences she had while on the challenging and disheartening journey the Donner Party underwent. Even though it lacks some parts, it is still an incredibly comprehensive and detailed source.

Academic Paper Written for Any Student

Academic Paper Written for Any Student Academic Paper Help From Professionals The end of term is approaching and you are stuck with numerous writing assignments. You are willing to deal with all of them, but there is not enough time. You are not a robot who can work all day and all night long week after week. You want to enjoy every single moment of youth, spend some time with family or friends, go to the movies, hang out, or relish the chance to travel around the country, etc. But you are stuck with an academic paper. What can you do? You can place an order for academic papers on . Our company is well-known for high quality writing services. Professional writers help students from all over the world and are ready to give you a hand. You can order papers in various academic disciplines, including: Math; Physics; Biology; Chemistry; English Grammar; Literature; History; Politics; Philosophy; Law; Economics, etc. We have professional writers in all these subjects and even more. In order to have an academic paper done, all our clients are required to place an order online, providing all details on assignment. It is important to mention an exact topic, a number of pages, and deadline when to finish academic essay. Our manager will pick the most suitable writer for you who will be capable to deal with an assignment. Teachers expect to see your academic paper with profound ideas. This means that thorough research should be conducted. It’s high time to ask a professional writer for help and support. Be sure to get the best service as we work only with experienced writers who hold a Master’s degree or a PhD in a respective subject. They are skillful and have perfect language command to write academic papers in the stated time frames. All writers are native speakers from the USA whose knowledge of the English language had been tested prior they were offered a job. Place an order now and have it delivered before deadline. We guarantee high quality services and reasonable prices. Save Time and Let Professionals Deal With Tasks Academic papers usually take a lot of time, as you have to spend hours surfing the Internet or searching for the right book at a library. But it is impossible when you have loads of other tasks and projects, a part-time job, etc. It order to deal with everything on time and have excellent grades in all subjects you should set a list of priorities and decide what assignments can be done for you. You can get academic paper help from our professional writers. They can deal with the following types of tasks: essay writing; research paper; creative writing; book/movie review; thesis; dissertation; term paper; course paper, etc. We also provide reviews and can edit your essay in case you have some doubts. Place an order for academic essay on our website. It is required to provide detailed information on the paper. Our writers should know the topic, the exact number of pages and sources that should be used. Apart from this, don’t forget to indicate the deadline. What is more, every customer can attach additional materials that might be used to conduct thorough and profound research. The more details we have, the quicker our writers write academic papers. Speaking of confidentiality, we guarantee that all personal information stays within our company. doesn’t pass any information to third parties and takes care of customer’s comfort. Get extra help and impress everyone with your work. Believe us, you will not be left unnoticed, and teachers will be quite impressed. Thus, you will gain respect and the status of an A student in all subjects. Once you decide to use our services and become our regular customer, you will get a discount and enjoy some other perks. Take a chance and do not waste time on useless things. Life is not about swatting but fighting for your projects and fulfillment of your dreams. We are ready to do the work for you for reasonable prices. Ask us for help and you will get the best service possible.

Samuel Beckett Play Essay Example

Samuel Beckett Play Essay Example The Play Not I by Samuel Beckett Essay Example The Play Not I by Samuel Beckett Essay Example The play we are going to speak about in this essay is called Not I, written in 1972. Its author Samuel Beckett has described this play as the action of the moving mouth in the darkness of the rest of the stage. This play is concerned being the part of the author’s art that is connected with the late period of his activity. Moreover, if analyzing Krapp’s Last Tape, we can notice that most of Beckett’s works of the late period of activity are connected with the researching of memory. Mostly these memories are shown through the prism of the past events that are transmitted into the present time in silence and darkness. This could be done to achieve certain level of concentration. Such plays also concern the topic of self-confidence and place in life. The plot of the play usually contains the voice that comes from the outside or through the comments in the silence (Not I). Not I is a short dramatic monologue, and its premiere took place at the â€Å"Samuel Beckett Festival† by the Repertory Theater in New York. First time this play was directed by Alan Schneider. The action of the Not I takes place in a specific place that is lighted only by a single light. It is important to mention that this light concentrates on the mouth of the actress on almost eight feet above the stage. Other elements of the play are presented in the dark space of stage. One could notice the figure of the Auditor, who makes four attempts of helpless compassion. This action appears in times, when Mouth keeps silence and listens to the voice from the outside. Mouth tells us a story presented by the huge amount of different sentences in a rather fast pace. Through this story we find the information about the woman of about seventy years old who was left by her parents after birth. That is the reason of the absence of love and understanding in her life. Moreover, most of her life experience has mechanical character. Also all this situations, happened in her early childhood, have caused huge traumatic experience as the final result. This woman has been virtually mute from the early years of her life. Sometimes the occasional progress happens. One of such situations is demonstrated by Beckett to illustrate the main sense of the play. Her silent hero shows us the importance of the thought itself. It might be significant even without becoming the idea of the entire society and hearing on every corner. Truth could be silent. There are four situations described in the play. Each of them (lying face down in the grass, in supermarket, on a mound in Croker’s Acre and at court) is connected with specific experience that makes this woman begin to talk. This event takes place in April. Probably this time of the year has some special meaning to the woman. The woman has spent a lot of time in researching the reasons of her life circumstances. She has found that her paralyzing disease may be God’s punishment for her actions. However, she underlines that she does not feel any pain and does not suffer from this disease. Nevertheless, she notices that there are no grounds to be punished so severe. Moreover, she agrees that God does not need any grounds for such kind of actions. She feels the power that leads her over her life, and she actually believes that she needs to say something very important. She is not able to say exactly what she is going to say, but points out that long lasting research may give the answer to the question of her guilty and God’s punishment. Woman has a specific light in her head, which interrupts her thoughts and becomes more intensive. This character of the presentation of ideas is rather common in Beckett’s works. His works demonstrate similar techniques in the expression of the main idea through the entire play. It is interesting to reflect on the idea of the play title. Actually, it comes from the attitude of the woman to the events in her life. She always underlines that everything in the surrounding happens not to her. The Mouth has the central position in the play. All the attention of the audience is concentrated on it. The main aim of the author is to play on nerves of the audience, but not to influence intellectual activity. The woman, described in the play, does not seem to be a concrete personage. It is more likely to speak about the image of hundreds of similar women with close destinies and stories. It is appropriate to view any woman of certain period of time. Needless to say, she is just a part of the stage, and the main part is plaid by the Mouth. Beckett underlines that the Mouth should play role of the organ of emission without intellect. That is why it serves for the transition of the information. What is more, the visual image of the Mouth was proposed by The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist. There is one more actor of this play that we need to pay extra attention. We are speaking about the Auditor. Usually, this role is played by the male. However, there are no any directions of the author concerning the gender of the Auditor. Usually, you may notice him at the left side of the stage. Beckett has faced certain problems with place that would be excellent for this actor. Later, the author allows the actor to determine suitable place on the stage up to his own opinion. Undoubtedly, the concrete situation needs the specific character of the play. Its role is determined to every new play that is performed for the audience. Beckett notices that the position of the Auditor is rather difficult to determine because of the light and shadow balance. Moreover, he underlines that play needs this character, but he could make it even without the Auditor. The function of this character has never seemed effective to Beckett. In case of any mistakes in interpretation of this character, Beckett used to speak about an error of the creative imagination. It is worth to underline that actual image of the Auditor is used for the play Not I to point out the necessity of the intense listener. This is the figure that needs to underline the plot of the story and share it with the audience. This image is rather often used in the art of that period. Moreover, the position of the Auditor is not absolutely clear, his role is abstract. Furthermore, even Beckett does not give the correct answer to the question concerning the Auditor. That is why we could consider him to be either guardian angel or the angel of death. This play has several significant productions. One of them we are going to discuss in this essay. We need to compare the vision of Beckett on the plot of the story with the vision of Neil Jordan, who created one of the most well-known productions of this play in 2000. Moreover, it is not just the production; it is a movie created, on the ground of the story mentioned above. Nail Jordan was the director of this film produced by Blue Angel Films. That is actually a unique film- based installation that was created under the control of Neil Jordan, with the participation of one of the most popular American actresses Julianne Moore. One point of view in its favour is that the main idea stays without changes, and that is why we can see similar picture of the action in the film. We could notice the actress sitting on the stage, and only her mouth is visible for the audience. The mouth plays the main role in this action. Therefore, we here a long lasting monologue, delivered by the mouth. This monologue seems to be the powerful stream of ideas and consciousness, experienced by the actress. The whole atmosphere of the play is taken into account by Jordan. That is the reason of the presence of the mouth in the total darkness of the stage. This scene could be rather terrifying, if taking into account the manner of thoughts interpretation of the mouth. Neil Jordan filmed his interpretation of the play of Beckett, and it is about thirteen minutes long. The main action is based on the paying attention to the mouth from different sides and angles, in order to get the feeling of total presence. This gives the audience more powerful connection to the situation that takes place in the installation of the play. However, Jordan has individual vision of the play presented by Beckett. He understands the unique idea and character of the play, and he considers presenting his version into a multi screen installation. Moreover, the mouth is seen on six screens that are arranged in a particular manner to surround the audience. To maximize the influence from the experienced emotions, Jordan considers using specifically large screens for his installation. We need to underline, that Not I is regarded as the part of one unique project- Beckett on Film. The idea of this project belongs to Michael Colgan (Director of the Gate Theater). At this theatre, 19 plays of Beckett are transferred to films in the period of 2000-2001. It should be mentioned that each film has different director, according to the demands on concrete play to the view of the plot and way of interpretation. Beckett is not easy to please person. However, the play we are speaking about is directed by Neil Jordan, whose concept seemed to be interesting to Beckett. There are several differences in interpretation of the story, but the plot stays without changes. Moreover, Not I, directed by Neil Jordan, has been donated to IMMA in 2001. It is important to notice that Neil Jordan begins his career as a writer. Years pass before he understands that he should connect his life with film industry and present his own vision on different pieces of art. He begins his career with the role of creative consultant in film Excalibur, by John Boorman in 1981. One year later, Jordan writes and directs his first feature film Angel. This is the begging of his career in film industry. Thus, he directs and produces more than fifteen films during his career. We need to underline that his films have been honored with different awards all over the world. We could name Oscar, Golden Globes, A Golden Lion and Silver Bear among them. His career is considered to be significant for the entire film industry and art development. Moreover, he has been awarded five honorary doctorates for his activity in this direction of film development. We have analyzed the experience of Neil Jordan in production and direction of films; and this gives us the understanding of the value of his vision of the play Not I. We consider his point of view as a bit widespread and philosophical. Nevertheless, he has used certain tools to influence minds of the audience. However, Not I has been created to play on nerves of the audience, but not to influence their intellectual development. The comments on the installation are rather different; thus, different people experience different kinds of emotions, connected with the actions and the story itself that is presented by Jordan. However, Not I is considered to be theatrical monologue, created by Beckett in the late period of his professional activity. This is the piece of art that is completed due to minimalism and attention to the main plot of the story. This makes the audience being concentrated on the main idea. This is done to achieve maximum feelings of the audience that are directed on the scene of the play. As it has been already mentioned, the stage consists of the only light that brightens the scene. However, this light serves to illuminate one visible object- mouth of the woman that tells us the story of her life. In Jordan’s production of this play the monologue of woman lasts about fifteen minute, and it seems to be the stream of variable thoughts that need to be announced to the audience. In addition, we remember that this woman is not able to speak from her early childhood. Thus, if we hear her monologue we make a conclusion that strong emotions have caused her ability to speak in the play and interpret her ideas into the words. However, Jordan does not change the text of the play at all. He has changed only the presentation of this text. His experiments concern the demonstration of the scene with rather interesting concept. Thus, the monologue is presented from six different angles that are screened in specific form of a novel set up. When the play Not I is viewed as an artwork not in comparison with the original play we should speak about specific presentation of the action in the film. Jordan makes a dynamic presentation that shows the dramatic story of the woman in a new concrete light. There are plenty of comments and critics on this play and its film installation. All of them are rather different. It is not surprising, because so many man so many minds. However, the existence of the reaction of audience on the play speaks about its value as a piece of art. Moreover, it has an influence on the minds and emotions of the audience. It is difficult to explain the main idea in fifteen minutes of monologue. However, Beckett succeeds in this process perfectly. The task to present the main idea of the play without action is not an easy one. We know that in play Not I the main role is played by the mouth of the woman. Therefore, we do not see the play we are used to imagine while thinking about it. Critics notice that the presentation might be more clear and easy for understanding. Although, if you watch the film, you will understand that there is no need to change anything. The main idea is presented in rather specific way, but in this case, it works and gives the required result. The maximum attention of the audience is paid to the only light on the scene and the movement of lips of the woman. Moreover, to have an extra feeling of presence in the story, the author gives us the opportunity to listen to comments, made up by the voice from the outside. The Audition’s role is still not absolutely clear for the audience of the play. Even Beckett prefers to keep silence about his main part and sense in this play. Even though, every person is given a unique opportunity to figure out whether the Auditor is a guardian angel or an angel of death. Hence, we can speak about the usage of personal imagination while deciding such widely argued aspects of the play. In conclusion, we need to underline that the author of the play Samuel Beckett has described this play as the action of the moving mouth in the darkness of the rest of the stage. This is one of the specific and most significant visual elements of the play. This play is supposed to be the part of art of the author that is connected with the late period of his activity. Not I is a short dramatic monologue, and its premiere takes place at the â€Å"Samuel Beckett Festival† by the Repertory Theater in New York. First time this play was directed by Alan Schneider. The action of the Not I takes place in a specific place that is lighted only by a single light. This light concentrates on the mouth of the actress on almost eight feet above the stage. Other elements of the play are presented in the dark space of stage. One could notice the figure of the Auditor. Mouth tells us a story, presented by the huge amount of different sentences announced in a rather fast pace. We find out that the woman of about seventy years old is left by her parents after birth. This is the reason of the absence of love and understanding in her life. This woman has been virtually mute from the early years of her life. Sometimes, the occasional progress happens. One of such situations is demonstrated by Beckett to illustrate the main sense of the play. As it was previously mentioned, this play has several significant productions. We have compared the vision of Beckett on the plot of the story with the vision of Neil Jordan, who has created one of the most well-known film productions of this play in 2000. Moreover, the movie has been created on the ground of the story mentioned above. Nail Jordan is the director of this film, produced by Blue Angel Films. This is, actually, a unique film, based installation that is created under the control of Neil Jordan with the participation of one of the most popular American actresses Julianne Moore. In Jordan’s production of this play the monologue of woman lasts about fifteen minute, and it seems to be the stream of variable thoughts that need to be announced to the audience, in order to help people to understand her story and feel strong emotions of her experience. Jordan does not change the text of the play at all. He has changed only the presentation of this text. His experiments concern the demonstration of the scene with rather interesting concept. Thus, the monologue is presented from six different angles that are screened in specific form of a novel set up. All things considered, the film Not I is viewed as an artwork with its specific presentation of the action, in comparison with the original play. Needless to say, Jordan has made a dynamic presentation that shows the dramatic story of the woman in a new concrete light. What is more, every person is given a unique opportunity to figure out whether the Auditor is a guardian angel or an angel of death. Hence, we could speak about the usage of personal imagination while deciding such widely argued aspects of the play.

Financial Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Market - Assignment Example The random walk behavior of macroeconomic aggregates can be produced by a wide variety of complicated behavior at the microeconomic level. If income follows a random walk process, any innovation in income or a change in income due to an economic shock is an unexpected change in permanent income affecting consumption growth. The predictive ability of unexpected permanent or actual growth in income is consistent with permanent income hypothesis (PIH). Within the framework of time-series modeling, it was suggested that the standard test is biased towards finding excess sensitivity when disposable income follows a random walk process. If income follows a random walk, the permanent income equals current income. Assuming that permanent income hypothesis is true and consumption equals income since series contains a unit root, the procedures of standardized testing are not valid. If both consumption and income are de-trended, spurious cycles would be exhibited by both series. Since consumption tracks income perfectly over these transitory cycles, it can be concluded that consumption is excessively sensitive to contemporaneous income. The excess sensitivity of consumption does not provide evidence against the permanent income hypothesis unless the income is shown as not to have properties of random walk. The random walk process is followed by the real disposable income. Actual real disposable income approximates real permanent disposable income which determines household consumption. The origins of random walk process of real disposable income are on the supply side including factors of capital market restrictions, changes in trade, capital accumulation, technological adaptation and innovation, climatic and weather change etc. These supply-side shocks have a long-term impact on income and consumption.

Disseminating-Evidence Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Disseminating-Evidence Project - Essay Example Conversely, induced hypothermia can also occur through non-invasive means, typically involving the use of a chilled water blanket, leg wraps or torso vests placed in direct contact with the skin of the patient. Previously conducted studies indicate that patients with the potential risk for ischemic brain injuries have immense chances positive outcomes when treated with an induced hypothermia protocol (Binks et al. 2010). This paper will examine the medical protocol of induced hypothermia, discussing its inherent advantages on neurological outcomes. The paper will provide an account of induced hypothermia, describing the different protocols and effects of hypothermia on the human brain. The paper will culminate with a comprehensive dissemination plan that entails a roundtable discussion. Since its inception, induced hypothermia protocols have proved quite effective. Background Medical practitioners have applied hypothermia therapeutically since ancient times. The history of induced hy pothermia dates as far back as the Hippocrates era although the first published medical article on induced hypothermia was in 1945. The world’s initial modern doctor i.e. Greek physician Hippocrates endorsed the packing of injured soldiers using ice and snow. Napoleonic surgeon Dominique Jean Larrey observed that officers kept near fire had lower survival chances than officers kept in cold environments. The study first published in 1945 focused on the impacts of hypothermia on patients affected by head injuries. In the mid 20th century, hypothermia obtained its initial medical application used in intracerbal aneurysm surgery with a view to establish a bloodless field. Notably, most of the initial research into induced hypothermia concentrated on the application of deep hypothermia i.e. applications of body temperatures between 20-25 Â °C. This extreme drop in body temperature produces an array of effects that made the application of deep hypothermia quite impractical. The 19 50s also saw intense investigation of mild forms of induced hypothermia, i.e. 32-34 Â °C. During this period, Dr. Rosomoff exemplified in dogs the advantages of mild hypothermia pursuant to a traumatic brain injury or ischemia. Researchers conducted further animal studies in the 1980s showing the capacity of mild hypothermia to function as a general neuroprotectant, especially after obstruction of blood flow to the brain (Sessler, 2005). In 1999, after a skiing accident Anna Bagenholm’s heart stopped beating for at least three hours during which her body temperature was 13.7 Â °C prior to resuscitation. In addition to animal studies, as well as Anna Bagenholm’s misfortune, there have been at least two landmark studies published in 2002 in the New England Journal of Medicine. Both studies demonstrated the benefits of applying mild hypothermia following a cardiac arrest. Subsequently, in 2003, the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILOR) and the American Heart Association (AHA) endorsed the application of mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Presently, a growing number of hospitals worldwide incorporate the recommendations of AHA/ILCOR and embrace hypothermic protocols in their standard care packages for patients who suffer cardiac arrest. Certain researchers further contend that induced hypothermia is a better neuroprotectant after obstruction

Indo-US civilian nuclear deal

Indo-US civilian nuclear deal INDIAS ENERGY SECURITY WITH SPECIALREFERENCE TO INDO-US NUCLEAR DEAL â€Å"Consider the past 400 years of history. The world developed a new source of power, steam, and the industrial age came in. India with all her many virtues did not develop that source of power and it became a backward and a slave country. Now, we are on the verge of the atomic age. If we are to remain abreast in the world as a nation which keeps ahead of things, we must develop this atomic energy quite apart from war†¦of course, if we are compelled as a nation to use it for other purposes, no pious sentiments of any one of us can stop the nation from using it that way.† Jawaharlal Nehru, 06 April 1948 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY The energy security encompasses the oil natural gas, fuel and electricity. However in the backdrop of Indo-US civilian nuclear deal we are referring to the electrical energy security generated from nuclear sources. The Indias nuclear reactors are fueled by uranium. Indias uranium is low grade and quantity and is about seven times costlier than whats available in the world market. The Indo US civilian nuclear deal encompasses the transfer of sensitive technology for reprocessing, enrichment of fuel and importing uranium for generation of electricity from nuclear energy. In recent years, if there is one issue that has been on the headlines at regular intervals besides terrorist attacks in different parts of our country, is the Indo-US civilian nuclear deal. So much so that it was on the verge of bringing down the worlds largest democracy. Never before in the history of independent India where any subject thought about, deliberated, argued and counter argued by the political, bureaucr atic and the scientific elites. The main advantage of this deal is that the India not only got the assurance from the world to increase its electricity generating capacity but India can continue its nuclear weapon programme unhindered. The deal also gave strategic advantages to US. METHODOLOGY Statement of Problem 2. This paper aims to analyse â€Å"Will India be able to fulfill its power demand by 2030 by generating electricity from nuclear power plants in light of Indo-US civilian nuclear deal.† Hypothesis 3. The extent of Indias strategic interest has expanded and span from the Gulf of Hormuze up to the Malacca Strait. It implies that India is on the threshold of becoming a regional super power, having a large say in the geopolitical affairs in South Asia. This situation has come about as a result of the economic liberalisation in last decade of the twentieth century, causing the economy to grow at appreciable rates of 7-8 % per year. Economic opportunities in India have made the world sit up and take notice, causing a huge influx of investments in all business and industrial sectors. 4. Given the above situation, Indias electrical energy needs are growing by leaps and bounds, and at a very rapid pace. The sources for generation of electricity to support this unprecedented growth are not adequate. Therefore, it is imperative that India must look for alternative sources to generate sufficient electricity not only to cater for future growth but also to bridge the gap between the demand and supply. This will also help India for realisation of her role as a regional power to satisfy her strategic aspirations. Justification of the Study 5. India is concern for energy security in general and electrical energy in particular for its economic development and uplifting the standard of living of its citizen. Indo-us civilian nuclear deal is a step towards to solve Indias energy problem which encompasses the generation of electricity from nuclear energy and transfer of sensitive technology including supply of raw material. But the deal has more strategic and international connotation. If we adopt the perspective of twenty years hence, will India be able to achieve its energy security? Scope 6. The scope of this study would be to look into Indias electric energy requirement by 2030, highlighting the electricity generating capacity and gap between demand and supply. Also to analyze the nuclear power plants generating capacity in a backdrop of Indo-US civilian nuclear deal with its strategic implications for India. The study would also suggest a way ahead for India to achieve total energy security. Other related issues such as electrification, transmission, distribution, billing, electrical energy conservation and regulatory commissions are not considered in this study. Operational Definitions 7. Energy Security.[1] A countrys ability to optimize its energy resource portfolio and supply of energy services for the desired level of services that will sustain economic growth and poverty reduction. It is a broad umbrella covers all type of energy and economic growth. 8. Nuclear Energy and Energy Security.[2] Nuclear Energy is the kinetic energy of the fragments that result from the fissioning or splitting of uranium and plutonium nuclei when they absorb neutrons. The kinetic energy is converted to heat as the fragments are slowed, and this heat is use to convert water into steam which in turn used for rotation of turbine thus producing electricity. This nuclear energy supplements the total energy requirement of our country with an aim to achieve energy security from all the sources including renewable, hydro and coal. Methods of Data Collection 9. The major source of data collection has been through library books, journals, articles from magazine newspaper as well as internet. Organisation of the Dissertation (Chapterisation) 10. The dissertation is organised as under : (a) Chapter I Introduction and Methodology. This chapter introduces the subject ‘Indias energy security with special reference to Indo-us nuclear deal. It also lays down the ‘Statement of Problem providing a justification for the study and defines the scope of dissertation. The chapter also defines security in general and energy security in particular. Energy security encompasses oil, gas and electricity. The focus will be on nuclear power element of electricity/power security. (b) Chapter II Indias Electrical Energy Need and Present Status. This chapter brings out statistical data about the present power status in India from all sources including the contribution of nuclear power plants and predicting economic growth vis-a-vis Indias electrical energy needs by 2030. (c) Chapter III Nuclear Energy Its Myth and Reality. This chapter analysis the nuclear power generating capacity by 2030, technology and raw material requirement and its contribution towards achieving energy security. It also covers advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power over conventional sources of power generation. (d) Chapter IV Indo-US Civilian Nuclear Deal. This chapter covers Indias nuclear history in brief and Indo-US civilian nuclear deal in detail. It also brings out the stance of International atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). This chapter also highlights the pros and cons and views of political parties in India. (e) Chapter V Implications of the Deal. This chapter highlights the strategic implications in terms of economic, geopolitical and military of Indo-US civilian nuclear deal. (f) Chapter VI The Way Ahead for Energy Security. Initially India neglected its power requirement and now going for nuclear power. On one hand developed country like Germany is against nuclear power and on other side France in going for it. This chapter covers the analysis of this dichotomy and Indias necessity to go for it. In the end, recommendations for way ahead for India to achieve total energy security. CHAPTER II INDIAS ELECTRICAL ENERGY NEED AND PRESENT STATUS Indias Energy Security Challenge[3] 1. Electricity is one of the most important inputs to support the growing economy. Today, there is the requisite buying power to support the rapid growth of the power sector. At the same time, there are severe resources constrains looming large. The non-availability of power in required amounts could, in fact, severely restrict our developmental aspirations. 2. There is a need to look at nuclear energy associated with processes involving the nucleus of an atom in several million folds higher than the energy associated with processes that involve electron that orbit around the nucleus. The later forms the basis of energy through burning of fossil fuels. Nuclear energy released through fission or fusion of atomic nuclei and solar energy that we receive from the sun are the only two viable basic energy sources capable of meeting our long term energy needs. 3. Electricity Present Status in India?[4] India is a power deficit country with a high base and peak load deficit of around 9.8% and 16.6%, respectively. Currently, though coal-based plants contribute around 58 % of the installed capacity, that alone would not be sufficient to secure and fulfill Indias long-term Energy requirements. A broad estimate suggests that if the countrys coal consumption continues to grow at 5% pa, going ahead we might run out of coal reserves over the next 40-50 years, and even if new coal reserves are discovered and extracted, we might still run out of coal in the next 70-80 years. Installed Capacity > 120 GW. Gross Generation is 620 billion kWh. The current per capita power consumption in India is about 612 KWH per year. While the world average is 2596 KWH. Out of total power available in India, thermal power constitutes 64.6%, hydro power 24.7% and nuclear power 2.9%. The present power status of India is shown in fig 1. The details of nuclear power is s hown in fig 2 Indian Energy Scenarios: 2030 4. Nuclear Power[5] will play a significant role in the long-term energy mix of the country with the government planning to raise its contribution from the current level of 2.9% (4,120 MW) to around 10% (64,000-65,000 MW) of the countrys installed capacity by 2030.[6] 5. Details of Nuclear Power Plants in India.[7] Currently, seventeen nuclear power reactors produce 4,120 MW (2.9% of total installed base). Power station Operator State Type Units Total capacity (MW) Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PHWR 220 x 3 660 Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 220 x 2 440 Kalpakkam NPCIL Tamil Nadu PHWR 220 x 2 440 Narora NPCIL Uttar Pradesh PHWR 220 x 2 440 Rawatbhata NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 100 x 1, 200 x 1, 220 x 2 740 Tarapur NPCIL Maharashtra BWR(PHWR) 160 x 2, 540 x 2 1400 Total 17 4120 6. The projects under construction are: Power station Operator State Type Units Total capacity (MW) Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PHWR 220 x 1 220 Rawatbhata NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 220 x 2 440 Kudankulam NPCIL Tamil Nadu VVER-1000 1000 x 2 2000 Kalpakkam NPCIL Tamil Nadu PFBR 500 x 1 500 Total 6 3160 7. The planned projects are: Power station Operator State Type Units Total capacity (MW) Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 640 x 2 1280 Rawatbhata NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 640 x 2 1280 Kudankulam NPCIL Tamil Nadu VVER-1200 1200 x 2 2400 Jaitapur NPCIL Maharastra EPR 1600 x 4 6400 Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PWR 1000 x 1, 1500 x 1 2500 Bhavini PFBR 470 x 4 1880 NPCIL AHWR 300 300 NTPC PWR 1000 x 2 2000 NPCIL PHWR 640 x 4 2560 Total 10 20600 8. The following projects are firmly proposed. Power station Operator State Type Units Total capacity (MW) Kudankulam NPCIL Tamil Nadu VVER-1200 1200 x 2 2400 Jaitapur NPCIL Maharashtra EPR 1600 x 2 3200 Pati Sonapur Orissa PWR 6000 Kumaharia Haryana PWR 2800 Saurashtra Gujarat PWR Pulivendula NPCIL 51%, AP Genco 49% Andhra Pradesh PWR 2000 x 1 2000 Kovvada Andhra Pradesh PWR Haripur West Bengal PWR Total 15 16400 9. The following projects are proposed and to be confirmed soon. Power station Operator State Type Units Total capacity (MW) Kudankulam NPCIL Tamil Nadu VVER-1200 1200 x 2 2400 Total 2 2400 10. Summary of total nuclear power generation capacity by 2030. Sl No. Project Units Total capacity (MW) 1 Present nuclear power reactors 17 4120 2 Projects under construction 06 3160 3 Planned projects 10 20600 4 Projects firmly proposed 15 16400 5 Proposed and to be confirmed 02 2400 Total 50 46680 11. Department of Atomic Energy. This independent department has all matter related to atomic energy under its purview, and is responsible for designing, commissioning, constructing and operating nuclear power plants. 12. National Electricity Policy.[8] The GOI decided and notified the National Electricity Policy in Feb 2005 (Min of Power, 2005). The policy aims at accelerated development of power sector, providing supply of electricity to all areas and protecting interests of consumers. The policy prescribes development of rural electrification distribution backbone to be completed in next five years, Some of the points on which the policy emphasizes on are:- (a) Nuclear power is an established source of energy to meet the base load demand. Share of nuclear power in the overall capacity profile will need to be increased significantly. (b) Creation of adequate generation capacity with a spinning reserve of a least 5% by 2012 with availability of installed capacity at 85%. (c) Full development of hydro potential. (d) Development of National Grid. (e) Exploitation of non-conventional energy such as small hydro, solar, biomass and wind for additional power generation capacity. 13. Outcome of the Deal. The Indian nuclear power industry is expected to undergo a significant expansion in the coming years thanks in part to the passing of the Indo-US nuclear deal. This agreement will allow India to carry out trade of nuclear fuel and technologies with other countries and significantly enhance its power generation capacity. India is expected to generate an additional 25,000 MW of nuclear power by 2020, bringing total estimated nuclear power generation to 45,000 MW. Following a waiver from the Nuclear Suppliers Group in September 2008 which allowed it to commence international nuclear trade, India has signed nuclear deals with several other countries including France, United States, Namibia, Mongolia and Kazakhstan while the framework for similar deals with Canada and United Kingdom are also being prepared. In February 2009, India also signed a $700 million deal with Russia for the supply of 2000 tons nuclear fuel. India now envisages to increase the contribution of nuclear power to overall electricity generation capacity from 4.2% to 9% within 25 years. In 2010, Indias installed nuclear power generation capacity will increase to 6,000 MW. As of 2009, India stands 9th in the world in terms of number of operational nuclear power reactors and is constructing 9 more, including two EPRs being constructed by Frances Areva. Indigenous atomic reactors include TAPS-3, and -4, both of which are 540 MW reactors. Indias $717 million fast breeder reactor project is expected to be operational by 2010. 14. Nuclear Power Growth. India, being a non-signatory of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, has been subjected to a defacto nuclear embargo from members of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) cartel. This has prevented India from obtaining commercial nuclear fuel, nuclear power plant components and services from the international market, thereby forcing India to develop its own fuel, components and services for nuclear power generation. The NSG embargo has had both negative and positive consequences for Indias Nuclear Industry. On one hand, the NSG regime has constrained India from freely importing nuclear fuel at the volume and cost levels it would like to support the countrys goals of expanding its nuclear power generation capacity to at least 20,000 MW by 2020. Also, by precluding India from taking advantage of the economies of scale and safety innovations of the global nuclear industry, the NSG regime has driven up the capital and operating costs and damaged the achievable safe ty potential of Indian nuclear power plants. On the other hand, the NSG embargo has forced the Indian government and bureaucracy to support and actively fund the development of Indian nuclear technologies and industrial capacities in all key areas required to create and maintain a domestic nuclear industry. This has resulted in the creation of a large pool of nuclear scientists, engineers and technicians that have developed new and unique innovations in the areas of Fast Breeder Reactors, Thermal Breeder Reactors, the Thorium fuel cycle, nuclear fuel reprocessing and Tritium extraction production. Ironically, had the NSG sanctions not been in place, it would have been far more cost effective for India to import foreign nuclear power plants and nuclear fuels than to fund the development of Indian nuclear power generation technology, building of Indias own nuclear reactors, and the development of domestic uranium mining, milling and refining capacity. 15. India has already been using imported enriched uranium and are currently under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, but it has developed various aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle to support its reactors. Development of select technologies has been strongly affected by limited imports. Use of heavy water reactors has been particularly attractive for the nation because it allows Uranium to be burnt with little to no enrichment capabilities. India has also done a great amount of work in the development of a Thorium centered fuel cycle. While Uranium deposits in the nation are limited, there are much greater reserves of Thorium and it could provide hundreds of times the energy with the same mass of fuel. The fact that Thorium can theoretically be utilized in heavy water reactors has tied the development of the two. A prototype reactor that would burn Uranium-Plutonium fuel while irradiating a Thorium blanket is under construction at the Madras/Kalpakkam Atomic Power Station. CHAPTER III NUCLEAR ENERGY ITS MYTH AND REALITY Nuclear Energy in India[9] 1. Nuclear energy is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydro and renewable sources of electricity. As of 2008, India has 17 nuclear power plants in operation generating 4,120 MW while 6 other are under construction and are expected to generate an additional 3,160 MW. Since early 1990s, Russia has been a major source of nuclear fuel to India. Due to dwindling domestic uranium reserves, electricity generation from nuclear power in India declined by 12.83% from 2006 to 2008. To appreciate the Indo US nuclear deal better, let us understand the basics of generation of nuclear energy. 2. Nuclear Reactor. The basis of nuclear power is the fission process. This is the process of splitting of a fissionable atoms nucleus, releasing energy in the form of heat, which can be converted through steam turbine and a generator into electricity. The only naturally occurring fissionable material is Uranium and said to be fissile because its nucleus has an affinity to a colliding neutron which it absorbs, splits into two smaller particles and emits two or more neutrons and produces vast amounts of energy. This process is called fission chain reaction. The neutrons produced as result of fission reaction in the reactor have excessive energy levels and they move at a great speed. In a nuclear reactor a chain reaction cannot be sustained with fast moving neutrons. So the fast paced neutrons are slowed down by an element called a moderator. The two substances that are used as a moderator in a Uranium reactor are heavy water and graphite. A majority of the nuclear reactors in the worl d use natural uranium as fuel and light water as moderator and hence they are called the Light Water Reactor. These are essentially boiling water reactor (BWR) or Pressurized water reactor (PWR). In a BWR, the cooling water is allowed to boil inside the reactor at a temp of 290 deg and pressure of 70 atmospheres. The steam is then fed directly to the turbines and re-circulated to the reactor. In a PWR the pressure inside the reactor vessel is kept at 150 atmospheres so as to prevent the cooling water from boiling at temperatures up to 350 deg. This water is fed out of the reactor vessel to a steam generator where it passes through thousands of tubes immersed in water at a much lower pressure. The secondary cooling water boils and drives the turbines. The other type of reactors those use heavy water as moderator is called Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR). 3. Nuclear Fuel Cycle. Nuclear fuel needs to be processed optimally for use and thereafter disposed off safely. All these activities form part of the nuclear fuel cycle. Indias share of Natural Uranium reserve of the entire globe is 0.8 %. At the same time that of Thorium is over 32% of the worlds reserve. A Uranium Mill is a chemical plant designed to extract uranium from ore. The final product that goes out of from the mill, commonly referred to as yellow cake, contains more than 60% of uranium. 4. Nuclear Waste Reprocessing. The fuel which went into the reactor is removed after anywhere between 18 months to about 3 years. This spent fuel highly radioactive waste. The Uranium which comprises about 96% of the spent fuel can be recycled as fresh fuel elements. It could be used to fuel breeder reactors or can be used to make a nuclear bomb. 5. Uranium Enrichment. Purification and chemical conversion of uranium concentrate to uranium hexafluoride is needed since yellowcake is not directly usable as nuclear reactor fuel. The uranium hexafluoride is used in a natural uranium fuel reactor. The enriched uranium is now sent to a fuel fabrication plant where it is changed into uranium dioxide powder. The powder is pressed into small pellets, which are then put into metal tubes, forming fuel rods. These fuel rods are put together to form a fuel assembly. Advantages and Disadvantages 6. The advantages of electricity produced from nuclear source are as follows :- (a) Cost- Effective Option. A kilogram of uranium can produces a million times more energy as compared to a kilogram of coal or a kilogram of hydrocarbon. One kg uranium can produce as much electricity as 1500 tons of coal. It will not only diversify Indias power generation portfolio but also reduces pressure on railway transportation of coal for the thermal power plants. (b) Environmentally Sustainable. Non-emission of greenhouse gases that have threatened the global climate. The reduction in annual coal consumption ~ 100 Million Tons. Reduction in annual CO2 Emissions > 170 Million Tons. This will help ease global demand for crude oil and natural gas. 7. The disadvantages of nuclear power plants are as follows :- (a) Initial Cost. Conventional nuclear plants are expensive, being perhaps two to three times the cost of comparable coal or gasification plants, with much of this expenditure required to insure the safety of the public. The production process is relatively simple and involves using nuclear heat to create steam that subsequently drives a turbine generator. However, the high cost of the plants (billions of dollars) can introduce potentially high financial risks to owners and investors alike, as history has demonstrated. While the plants are relatively inefficient (~33%), the price of nuclear fuel, as with coal, is a fraction of the cost of natural gas. Nuclear plants operate at full power for technical reasons and avoid the daily routine large load swings of the electrical grid. Fossil plants are normally used for such purposes. Indias Nuclear Energy Programme 8. Indias nuclear resource endowments are modest in terms of uranium, which is the only naturally available material that contains a fissionable component. On other hand thorium endowments are vast. But unlike uranium it is non fissionable. 9. Three-StageProgramme Indias strategies for large scale development of nuclear energy focused towards utilization of thorium and three stages nuclear power program is as given under : (a) The first stage of Indian Nuclear Power employs the PHWRs fuelled by uranium, to produce plutonium. (b) The second stage, Plutonium put in Fast breeder reactor with uranium, with a blanket of thorium, to convert some of the thorium into uranium. (c) In the third stage, Advanced Heavy Water Reactors (AHWRs) would burn Thorium and U 233 as fuel. This is what we finally want to achieve in the years to come. The AHWR test reactor is in final phase of design. 10. Nuclear Energy for Indias Energy Security.[10][11] The CHAPTER IV Indo US Civilian Nuclear Deal Indo-US Relations 1. Historical Perspective. The nuclear energy history started way back in 1950 when US helped India to develop nuclear energy under the atoms for peace program. In 1968 India refused to sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) claiming it was biased. India, Pakistan and Israel never signed NPT and North Korea signed but withdrew later. In 1974 came a turning point when India tested its first nuclear bomb made by the materials from the Canadian reactor. Canada and US stopped selling nuclear fuel to India and US placed severe restrictions on transfer of dual use technologies to India. India was a target of American ideological and geopolitical antagonism. Bilateral relations between the two countries were victims of incompatible obsessions of Indias with Pakistan and Americas with the erstwhile USSR. 2. Post Pokharan II. Indias nuclear blasts of 1998 not only shook the Thar desert, but also rocked the very foundations of the Global Nuclear Order. US administration promptly imposed sanctions and also mobilized other nations in doing so. Indias nuclear policy thus became the single most contentious issue in bilateral relations. The country was treated like pariah, especially by the US and 45 member Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) countries and isolated India for more than three decades, refusing nuclear co-operation. Sanctions were heaped on India. Indian nuclear scientists were unwelcome at international seminars in their field. 3. Post 9/11. In 2000, the US has moved to build a strategic partnership with India. The terrorists strike of 11 Sep 01 resulted in convergence of strategic interests of both the sides. India supported American actions whole heartedly and defence cooperation was at new heights. An agreement on Next Steps in Strategic Partnership (NSSP) was signed in Jan 2004 which included areas such as missile defence, cooperation in civilian nuclear, space programme and high technology trade. The foundation and indeed the underpinning of the nuclear agreement was the signing of a ten year New Framework for Defence Relationship (NFDR) in June 2005 as a prelude to the historic agreement of 18 Jul 05, when India and the US agreed to cooperate in the field of civilian nuclear agreement. Landmark Deal 4. On 18 Jul 2005, India and the US sign the landmark Civilian Nuclear Deal in Washington DC and surprise the world. The deal was signed by US President Mr George Bush and Indian Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh. The US dismantle the complex architecture that it had set up to isolate India after 1974 nuclear test and deny it access to civilian nuclear technology. 5. Hyde Act. On 18 Dec 2006, the US congress passed the Henry J Hyde United States-India peaceful atomic energy co-operation act 2006 (PAEC Act 2006) popularly called as ‘Hyde Act, amending the atomic energy act that had prohibited American entities from trading with countries that didnt sign the NPT or had done a nuclear test. India fitted into both categories. The US Senate voted emphatically in favor of 86 to 13. In reality, the Hyde Act is an enabling legi

Gays and Homosexuality: Personal Choice or Act of God? Essay -- Explor

Homosexuality: Personal Choice or Act of God? "Do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived. Neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor homosexuals, nor sodomites, not thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortionists will inherit the kingdom of God." (1 Corinthians 6:9-10) Homosexuality has been around as long for as there is recorded history. Through the years, however, the opinions towards homosexuality have changed. Now, homosexuality is being labeled as a genetic trait rather than as a psychological problem. Not everyone believes this to be true, however. I have always believed that homosexuality is genetic and I decided to search the web for some evidence. I first checked out a site written by a supporter of the "gay gene." http://voyager.dvc.edu/~bmckinney/www.pilot.infi.net/~susanf/aolgay.htm is written by Don Robertson. Don Robertson is a gay teacher of biochemistry and molecular biology. In his article, he states that many experiments have proved the genetic connection to homosexuality. He names some of the experiment's methods but he doesn't include who ran the experiments, where they were done, why or why not they would be reliable or whether they would have the same results if the experiments were repeated. He comes up with figures like if one identical twin is gay there is a sixty- percent chance that the other identical twins will also be gay. This is included to prove that since identical twins share identical genes, they must have had the "gay gene" passed down to both of them. This claim brings up a few problems. First, there is nowhere in the article that cites where this information was collected or if the informat... ...all the aspects of the experiments while Robertson didn't question anything he read about; the author from the second article questioned them based on outdated beliefs. Altogether, I didn't feel that I was convinced on either side. Were there any more experiments? Were any of the ones listed proven to be true? Are there any alternatives to the cause of homosexuality other than genetics and environment? Is religion the true way to look at the matter? "That is why God gave them up to disgraceful sexual appetites, for both their females changed the natural use of themselves into one contrary nature and likewise even the males left the natural use of the female and became violently inflamed in their lust toward one another, males with males, working what is obscene and receiving in themselves the full recompense, which was due for their error." (Romans 1:26-27)