How to Give Teenagers Advice Lesson for ESL

In this lesson plan, students will have the opportunity to practice offering advice to teenagers. This can be an especially fun activity to do with high school students. Lesson Plan - Giving Advice to Teenagers Aim: Building reading comprehension and advice giving skills / focus on modal verb should and modal verbs of deduction Activity: Reading about teenage problems followed by group work Level: Intermediate - Upper Intermediate Outline: Start off the lesson by asking students to suggest what type of problems teenagers typically may have.Use one of the problems mentioned and inductively review modal verbs of deduction by asking questions such as, What must have happened to the boy?, Do you think he might have lied to his parents?, etc.Ask students for advice on what the person should do (reviewing the modal verb should).Have students get into small groups (four or five students).Distribute the handout with the various teen problems taken from real life. Assign one (or two) situations to each group.Have the students answer the questions as a group. Ask students to use the same forms as given in the questions (i.e. What might he have thought? - ANSWER: He might have thought it was too difficult.)Students should then use the sheet to report back to the class actively using the modal verb should to give advice.As a follow-up exercise or homework:Ask students to write about a problem they have had.Students should not writ e their names on their short problem descriptionDistribute the problems to other studentsHave students answer the questions about the situation described by on of their classmatesAsk students to verbally give recommendations Teenage Problems - Giving Advice ​ questionnaire: Read your situation and then answer the following questions What might the relationship be between the person and his / her parents?How must he / she feel?What cant have happened?Where might he / she live?Why might he / she have this problem?What should he / she do? (Give at least 5 suggestions) Teenage Problems:Sample Texts Should I Marry Him? I have been with my boyfriend for almost four years, We are going to get married next year but, there are a couple of concerns I have: One is the fact that he never talks about his feelings - he keeps everything inside of him. He sometimes has trouble with expressing his excitement about things. He never buys me flowers or takes me out to dinner. He says that he doesnt know why, but he never thinks of things like that. I dont know if this is a side effect of depression or, maybe, he is sick of me. He says that he loves me  and that he wants to marry me. If this is true, what is his problem? Female, 19 For Friendship or Love? Im one of those guys who have the quite normal problem: Im in love with a girl, but I dont know what to do. I have already had a crush on some girls, never with any success, but this is something different. My problem is actually that Im too cowardly to tell her anything. I know that she likes me and were very, very good friends. Weve known each other for about three years, and our friendship has constantly become better. We often get into quarrels, but we always make up. Another problem is that we often talk about problems with each other, so I know she is having problems with her boyfriend (who I think is no good for her). We meet almost every day. We always have a lot of fun together, but is it really so difficult to love someone who has been a good chum until now? Male, 15 Please Help me and My Family My family doesnt get along. Its like we all hate each other. Its my mom, my two brothers, a sister, and I. I am the oldest. We all have certain problems: My mom wants to quit smoking so she is really stressed out. I am really selfish — I just cant help it. One of my brothers is too bossy. He thinks he is better than the rest of us, and that he is the only one who helps my mom. My other brother is kind of abusive and depressed. He always starts fights and hes really spoiled. My mom doesnt yell at him for doing things wrong and when she does, he laughs at her. My sister — whos 7 — makes messes and doesnt clean them up. I really want to help because I dont like being upset all of the time and having everyone hate everyone else. Even when we start to get along, someone will say something to upset someone else. Please help me and my family. Female, 15 Hates School I hate school. I cannot stand my school so I skip it almost every day. Luckily, I am a smart person. Im in all of the advanced classes and dont have a reputation as a rebel. Only the people who really know me know about my strange feelings. My parents dont care — they dont even mention it if I dont go to school. What I end up doing is sleeping all day and then staying up all night talking to my girlfriend. I get behind in my work and, when I try to go back to school, I get a bunch of crap from my teachers and friends. I just get so depressed when I think about it. I have given up on trying to go back and am considering dropping out altogether. I really dont want to do that because I realize it would ruin my life. I dont want to go back at all, but I also dont want it to ruin my life. I am so confused and I have really tried to go back and just cant take it. What should I do? Please help. Male, 16

The Philosophy of Community Policing - 710 Words

Community policing is a philosophy. It uses organizational strategies that support the use of partnerships and problem solving techniques to address issues of public safety.Community-oriented policing is collaboration between the community, organizations within the community, and the police that identify and solve community problems. Police officers work with the community to help solve problems related to crime, fear of crime, social and physical disorder, and neighborhood conditions. They do this to enhance the safety and quality of neighborhoods. Officers spend time in these neighborhoods getting to know the residents and business owners by talking to them about the problems that the community is facing or individuals who are causing problems. They are responsible for reducing crime in their beats. There are several law enforcement agencies that have incorporated community-oriented policing programs as a part of their philosophy. The key element to community policing is crime prevention. Memphis police department and Pasadena police department have formed partnerships with their communities to help in reducing recidivism. Each of these agencies has several community policing programs that they have established to improve the quality of life for their citizens. Memphis and Pasadena have a program that is targeted for juveniles. Memphis’s is a Community Outreach Program (C.O.P.) that was developed to reduce juvenile violence. Pasadena’s came up with the diversion program,Show MoreRelatedImplementing Different Policing Strategies773 Words   |  3 PagesPolice agencies all over the world implement different policing strategies in accordance with the purpose. Community policing is one of the philosophy in which most of the countries effectively working with it. Accor ding to U. S. 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Donner Party free essay sample

Document Study: Donner Party 1. The Donner Party was made up of the Donner brothers, George and Jacob, along with their wives and children, all adding up to 8 people, they were the main members. The families set off with another friend, John Denton, six wagons and two teamsters, Noah James and Samuel Shoemaker. The Reeds were another key family and they consisted of James Reed, his wife Margaret and their three children. Also travelling with them were: Virginia Reed (Margaret’s daughter from a previous marriage), Margaret’s mother and 5 employees: A servant, Eliza Williams, her half-brother, Baylis, and three teamsters. Hiram Miller also travelled with the Reeds as an employee. The Breen’s (9 in total), Eddy’s (4 in total), Murphy’s (13 in total), the Keseberg’s and Hardkoop (6 in total), the Wolfinger’s, Spitzer and Reinhardt (4 in total), McCutchen’s (3 in total), Graves’ (12 in total), Stanton, Halloran, Antonio and Trudeau were the others who made up the party. 2. Virginia Elizabeth Reed was Margaret Reeds daughter from a previous marriage. She was 13 years of age when she left with the Donner Party. She wasn’t formally adopted by James Reed, but he was her legal guardian and treated her like one of his own children. Her writings have become the most invaluable source of information regarding the Donner Party’s experiences on their trek. 3. In her letters, with the innocent and naive perspective of a child, Virginia Reed writes about her experiences as a member of the fateful Donner Party. The letters are addressed to her cousin, Mary (â€Å"My dear cousin Mary) and all state â€Å"I take this opportunity to write to you now, that we are all well at present†. She explains and illustrates to her cousin the trouble that her family went through on their journey to California. We see that, until they came to the â€Å"Big Sandy†, they did not have any troubles but when they crossed the desert, some of their best oxen were lost, their â€Å"best yoke of oxen’s† and are forced to sell some of their supplies to replace the animals. She then goes on to explain how the Donner Party was then forced to take a short cut, â€Å"Hastings’s Cut-off†, over the Salt Plains. Apparently, the Donner Party saved three hundred miles but was forced to go through a ong drive of â€Å"40 miles without water†. They eventually reach the mountains and experience on of their coldest nights. To escape the freezing temperatures, Virginia tells us that â€Å"We spread one shawl down, we laid down on it and spread another over us and then put the dogs on top†. She further states that, â€Å"if it hadnt been for the dogs w e would have frozen†. The Party lost their cattle and were forced to halve their provisions. Soon enough, the Reeds are forced to pack all their provisions onto a single mule and trek through snow which was so deep â€Å"we could not go over†. They were forced to build cabins and withstand the horrid weather in the Sierra Nevada from November through to March. They had to resort to killing their dog for food and then buried his carcass. Ten members of the group die from starvation and malnutrition and Virginia states that â€Å"we was hardly able to walk†. Their bleak situation is made even more profound as the letter goes on. Finally â€Å"pa† arrives back from seeking help and manages to bring them to safety. Virginia remains proud that throughout the ordeal the Reeds were the â€Å"only family that did not eat human flesh†. The next letter she writes is much lighter in nature and Virginia outlines to her cousin, Mary, how beautiful California is, exclaiming that, â€Å"We are all very pleased with California† She then goes on to explain how everyone has put on weight and tells Mary that there are many horses. Finally she says, â€Å"It aut to be a beautiful country to pay us for our trouble giting there†, which it was and after all their troubles it was truly deserved! 4. The letters are a comprehensive report of the events the Donner Party experienced on their journey to California. They cover the frightening journey the Donner Party undertook in great detail, especially considering a12 year old girl wrote them! First and foremost, she writes about the harsh and inhospitable conditions the party met along the way. Virginia, however, rarely speaks of the other families and people in the Donner Party, making only a single reference to the Donner’s. After all the families are reunited again after crossing the Great Salt Plains, Virginia only writes of the events which concerned, and involved the Reeds. However, this is probably to be expected because as a 12 year old girl, her sights and priorities would be of her own family. Another major area which she avoids completely is the cannibalism which the other families took part of. The one instance of eating something close to her is when she speaks of eating their dog, Cash. Interestingly, in the original letter she had inked out the line involving ‘Cash’ and its inclusion can only be merited to the Illinois journal, which had the sentence recorded. You can infer that she inked out these lines because she was ashamed of what she did and that could be why she didn’t include it in the letters. However, apart from those areas, the letters are incredibly detailed and comprehensive. 5. This document is priceless as a historical source. Written by Virginia Reed herself, it is a primary source which captures the feelings and experiences she had while on the challenging and disheartening journey the Donner Party underwent. Even though it lacks some parts, it is still an incredibly comprehensive and detailed source.

Academic Paper Written for Any Student

Academic Paper Written for Any Student Academic Paper Help From Professionals The end of term is approaching and you are stuck with numerous writing assignments. You are willing to deal with all of them, but there is not enough time. You are not a robot who can work all day and all night long week after week. You want to enjoy every single moment of youth, spend some time with family or friends, go to the movies, hang out, or relish the chance to travel around the country, etc. But you are stuck with an academic paper. What can you do? You can place an order for academic papers on . Our company is well-known for high quality writing services. Professional writers help students from all over the world and are ready to give you a hand. You can order papers in various academic disciplines, including: Math; Physics; Biology; Chemistry; English Grammar; Literature; History; Politics; Philosophy; Law; Economics, etc. We have professional writers in all these subjects and even more. In order to have an academic paper done, all our clients are required to place an order online, providing all details on assignment. It is important to mention an exact topic, a number of pages, and deadline when to finish academic essay. Our manager will pick the most suitable writer for you who will be capable to deal with an assignment. Teachers expect to see your academic paper with profound ideas. This means that thorough research should be conducted. It’s high time to ask a professional writer for help and support. Be sure to get the best service as we work only with experienced writers who hold a Master’s degree or a PhD in a respective subject. They are skillful and have perfect language command to write academic papers in the stated time frames. All writers are native speakers from the USA whose knowledge of the English language had been tested prior they were offered a job. Place an order now and have it delivered before deadline. We guarantee high quality services and reasonable prices. Save Time and Let Professionals Deal With Tasks Academic papers usually take a lot of time, as you have to spend hours surfing the Internet or searching for the right book at a library. But it is impossible when you have loads of other tasks and projects, a part-time job, etc. It order to deal with everything on time and have excellent grades in all subjects you should set a list of priorities and decide what assignments can be done for you. You can get academic paper help from our professional writers. They can deal with the following types of tasks: essay writing; research paper; creative writing; book/movie review; thesis; dissertation; term paper; course paper, etc. We also provide reviews and can edit your essay in case you have some doubts. Place an order for academic essay on our website. It is required to provide detailed information on the paper. Our writers should know the topic, the exact number of pages and sources that should be used. Apart from this, don’t forget to indicate the deadline. What is more, every customer can attach additional materials that might be used to conduct thorough and profound research. The more details we have, the quicker our writers write academic papers. Speaking of confidentiality, we guarantee that all personal information stays within our company. doesn’t pass any information to third parties and takes care of customer’s comfort. Get extra help and impress everyone with your work. Believe us, you will not be left unnoticed, and teachers will be quite impressed. Thus, you will gain respect and the status of an A student in all subjects. Once you decide to use our services and become our regular customer, you will get a discount and enjoy some other perks. Take a chance and do not waste time on useless things. Life is not about swatting but fighting for your projects and fulfillment of your dreams. We are ready to do the work for you for reasonable prices. Ask us for help and you will get the best service possible.

Samuel Beckett Play Essay Example

Samuel Beckett Play Essay Example The Play Not I by Samuel Beckett Essay Example The Play Not I by Samuel Beckett Essay Example The play we are going to speak about in this essay is called Not I, written in 1972. Its author Samuel Beckett has described this play as the action of the moving mouth in the darkness of the rest of the stage. This play is concerned being the part of the author’s art that is connected with the late period of his activity. Moreover, if analyzing Krapp’s Last Tape, we can notice that most of Beckett’s works of the late period of activity are connected with the researching of memory. Mostly these memories are shown through the prism of the past events that are transmitted into the present time in silence and darkness. This could be done to achieve certain level of concentration. Such plays also concern the topic of self-confidence and place in life. The plot of the play usually contains the voice that comes from the outside or through the comments in the silence (Not I). Not I is a short dramatic monologue, and its premiere took place at the â€Å"Samuel Beckett Festival† by the Repertory Theater in New York. First time this play was directed by Alan Schneider. The action of the Not I takes place in a specific place that is lighted only by a single light. It is important to mention that this light concentrates on the mouth of the actress on almost eight feet above the stage. Other elements of the play are presented in the dark space of stage. One could notice the figure of the Auditor, who makes four attempts of helpless compassion. This action appears in times, when Mouth keeps silence and listens to the voice from the outside. Mouth tells us a story presented by the huge amount of different sentences in a rather fast pace. Through this story we find the information about the woman of about seventy years old who was left by her parents after birth. That is the reason of the absence of love and understanding in her life. Moreover, most of her life experience has mechanical character. Also all this situations, happened in her early childhood, have caused huge traumatic experience as the final result. This woman has been virtually mute from the early years of her life. Sometimes the occasional progress happens. One of such situations is demonstrated by Beckett to illustrate the main sense of the play. Her silent hero shows us the importance of the thought itself. It might be significant even without becoming the idea of the entire society and hearing on every corner. Truth could be silent. There are four situations described in the play. Each of them (lying face down in the grass, in supermarket, on a mound in Croker’s Acre and at court) is connected with specific experience that makes this woman begin to talk. This event takes place in April. Probably this time of the year has some special meaning to the woman. The woman has spent a lot of time in researching the reasons of her life circumstances. She has found that her paralyzing disease may be God’s punishment for her actions. However, she underlines that she does not feel any pain and does not suffer from this disease. Nevertheless, she notices that there are no grounds to be punished so severe. Moreover, she agrees that God does not need any grounds for such kind of actions. She feels the power that leads her over her life, and she actually believes that she needs to say something very important. She is not able to say exactly what she is going to say, but points out that long lasting research may give the answer to the question of her guilty and God’s punishment. Woman has a specific light in her head, which interrupts her thoughts and becomes more intensive. This character of the presentation of ideas is rather common in Beckett’s works. His works demonstrate similar techniques in the expression of the main idea through the entire play. It is interesting to reflect on the idea of the play title. Actually, it comes from the attitude of the woman to the events in her life. She always underlines that everything in the surrounding happens not to her. The Mouth has the central position in the play. All the attention of the audience is concentrated on it. The main aim of the author is to play on nerves of the audience, but not to influence intellectual activity. The woman, described in the play, does not seem to be a concrete personage. It is more likely to speak about the image of hundreds of similar women with close destinies and stories. It is appropriate to view any woman of certain period of time. Needless to say, she is just a part of the stage, and the main part is plaid by the Mouth. Beckett underlines that the Mouth should play role of the organ of emission without intellect. That is why it serves for the transition of the information. What is more, the visual image of the Mouth was proposed by The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist. There is one more actor of this play that we need to pay extra attention. We are speaking about the Auditor. Usually, this role is played by the male. However, there are no any directions of the author concerning the gender of the Auditor. Usually, you may notice him at the left side of the stage. Beckett has faced certain problems with place that would be excellent for this actor. Later, the author allows the actor to determine suitable place on the stage up to his own opinion. Undoubtedly, the concrete situation needs the specific character of the play. Its role is determined to every new play that is performed for the audience. Beckett notices that the position of the Auditor is rather difficult to determine because of the light and shadow balance. Moreover, he underlines that play needs this character, but he could make it even without the Auditor. The function of this character has never seemed effective to Beckett. In case of any mistakes in interpretation of this character, Beckett used to speak about an error of the creative imagination. It is worth to underline that actual image of the Auditor is used for the play Not I to point out the necessity of the intense listener. This is the figure that needs to underline the plot of the story and share it with the audience. This image is rather often used in the art of that period. Moreover, the position of the Auditor is not absolutely clear, his role is abstract. Furthermore, even Beckett does not give the correct answer to the question concerning the Auditor. That is why we could consider him to be either guardian angel or the angel of death. This play has several significant productions. One of them we are going to discuss in this essay. We need to compare the vision of Beckett on the plot of the story with the vision of Neil Jordan, who created one of the most well-known productions of this play in 2000. Moreover, it is not just the production; it is a movie created, on the ground of the story mentioned above. Nail Jordan was the director of this film produced by Blue Angel Films. That is actually a unique film- based installation that was created under the control of Neil Jordan, with the participation of one of the most popular American actresses Julianne Moore. One point of view in its favour is that the main idea stays without changes, and that is why we can see similar picture of the action in the film. We could notice the actress sitting on the stage, and only her mouth is visible for the audience. The mouth plays the main role in this action. Therefore, we here a long lasting monologue, delivered by the mouth. This monologue seems to be the powerful stream of ideas and consciousness, experienced by the actress. The whole atmosphere of the play is taken into account by Jordan. That is the reason of the presence of the mouth in the total darkness of the stage. This scene could be rather terrifying, if taking into account the manner of thoughts interpretation of the mouth. Neil Jordan filmed his interpretation of the play of Beckett, and it is about thirteen minutes long. The main action is based on the paying attention to the mouth from different sides and angles, in order to get the feeling of total presence. This gives the audience more powerful connection to the situation that takes place in the installation of the play. However, Jordan has individual vision of the play presented by Beckett. He understands the unique idea and character of the play, and he considers presenting his version into a multi screen installation. Moreover, the mouth is seen on six screens that are arranged in a particular manner to surround the audience. To maximize the influence from the experienced emotions, Jordan considers using specifically large screens for his installation. We need to underline, that Not I is regarded as the part of one unique project- Beckett on Film. The idea of this project belongs to Michael Colgan (Director of the Gate Theater). At this theatre, 19 plays of Beckett are transferred to films in the period of 2000-2001. It should be mentioned that each film has different director, according to the demands on concrete play to the view of the plot and way of interpretation. Beckett is not easy to please person. However, the play we are speaking about is directed by Neil Jordan, whose concept seemed to be interesting to Beckett. There are several differences in interpretation of the story, but the plot stays without changes. Moreover, Not I, directed by Neil Jordan, has been donated to IMMA in 2001. It is important to notice that Neil Jordan begins his career as a writer. Years pass before he understands that he should connect his life with film industry and present his own vision on different pieces of art. He begins his career with the role of creative consultant in film Excalibur, by John Boorman in 1981. One year later, Jordan writes and directs his first feature film Angel. This is the begging of his career in film industry. Thus, he directs and produces more than fifteen films during his career. We need to underline that his films have been honored with different awards all over the world. We could name Oscar, Golden Globes, A Golden Lion and Silver Bear among them. His career is considered to be significant for the entire film industry and art development. Moreover, he has been awarded five honorary doctorates for his activity in this direction of film development. We have analyzed the experience of Neil Jordan in production and direction of films; and this gives us the understanding of the value of his vision of the play Not I. We consider his point of view as a bit widespread and philosophical. Nevertheless, he has used certain tools to influence minds of the audience. However, Not I has been created to play on nerves of the audience, but not to influence their intellectual development. The comments on the installation are rather different; thus, different people experience different kinds of emotions, connected with the actions and the story itself that is presented by Jordan. However, Not I is considered to be theatrical monologue, created by Beckett in the late period of his professional activity. This is the piece of art that is completed due to minimalism and attention to the main plot of the story. This makes the audience being concentrated on the main idea. This is done to achieve maximum feelings of the audience that are directed on the scene of the play. As it has been already mentioned, the stage consists of the only light that brightens the scene. However, this light serves to illuminate one visible object- mouth of the woman that tells us the story of her life. In Jordan’s production of this play the monologue of woman lasts about fifteen minute, and it seems to be the stream of variable thoughts that need to be announced to the audience. In addition, we remember that this woman is not able to speak from her early childhood. Thus, if we hear her monologue we make a conclusion that strong emotions have caused her ability to speak in the play and interpret her ideas into the words. However, Jordan does not change the text of the play at all. He has changed only the presentation of this text. His experiments concern the demonstration of the scene with rather interesting concept. Thus, the monologue is presented from six different angles that are screened in specific form of a novel set up. When the play Not I is viewed as an artwork not in comparison with the original play we should speak about specific presentation of the action in the film. Jordan makes a dynamic presentation that shows the dramatic story of the woman in a new concrete light. There are plenty of comments and critics on this play and its film installation. All of them are rather different. It is not surprising, because so many man so many minds. However, the existence of the reaction of audience on the play speaks about its value as a piece of art. Moreover, it has an influence on the minds and emotions of the audience. It is difficult to explain the main idea in fifteen minutes of monologue. However, Beckett succeeds in this process perfectly. The task to present the main idea of the play without action is not an easy one. We know that in play Not I the main role is played by the mouth of the woman. Therefore, we do not see the play we are used to imagine while thinking about it. Critics notice that the presentation might be more clear and easy for understanding. Although, if you watch the film, you will understand that there is no need to change anything. The main idea is presented in rather specific way, but in this case, it works and gives the required result. The maximum attention of the audience is paid to the only light on the scene and the movement of lips of the woman. Moreover, to have an extra feeling of presence in the story, the author gives us the opportunity to listen to comments, made up by the voice from the outside. The Audition’s role is still not absolutely clear for the audience of the play. Even Beckett prefers to keep silence about his main part and sense in this play. Even though, every person is given a unique opportunity to figure out whether the Auditor is a guardian angel or an angel of death. Hence, we can speak about the usage of personal imagination while deciding such widely argued aspects of the play. In conclusion, we need to underline that the author of the play Samuel Beckett has described this play as the action of the moving mouth in the darkness of the rest of the stage. This is one of the specific and most significant visual elements of the play. This play is supposed to be the part of art of the author that is connected with the late period of his activity. Not I is a short dramatic monologue, and its premiere takes place at the â€Å"Samuel Beckett Festival† by the Repertory Theater in New York. First time this play was directed by Alan Schneider. The action of the Not I takes place in a specific place that is lighted only by a single light. This light concentrates on the mouth of the actress on almost eight feet above the stage. Other elements of the play are presented in the dark space of stage. One could notice the figure of the Auditor. Mouth tells us a story, presented by the huge amount of different sentences announced in a rather fast pace. We find out that the woman of about seventy years old is left by her parents after birth. This is the reason of the absence of love and understanding in her life. This woman has been virtually mute from the early years of her life. Sometimes, the occasional progress happens. One of such situations is demonstrated by Beckett to illustrate the main sense of the play. As it was previously mentioned, this play has several significant productions. We have compared the vision of Beckett on the plot of the story with the vision of Neil Jordan, who has created one of the most well-known film productions of this play in 2000. Moreover, the movie has been created on the ground of the story mentioned above. Nail Jordan is the director of this film, produced by Blue Angel Films. This is, actually, a unique film, based installation that is created under the control of Neil Jordan with the participation of one of the most popular American actresses Julianne Moore. In Jordan’s production of this play the monologue of woman lasts about fifteen minute, and it seems to be the stream of variable thoughts that need to be announced to the audience, in order to help people to understand her story and feel strong emotions of her experience. Jordan does not change the text of the play at all. He has changed only the presentation of this text. His experiments concern the demonstration of the scene with rather interesting concept. Thus, the monologue is presented from six different angles that are screened in specific form of a novel set up. All things considered, the film Not I is viewed as an artwork with its specific presentation of the action, in comparison with the original play. Needless to say, Jordan has made a dynamic presentation that shows the dramatic story of the woman in a new concrete light. What is more, every person is given a unique opportunity to figure out whether the Auditor is a guardian angel or an angel of death. Hence, we could speak about the usage of personal imagination while deciding such widely argued aspects of the play.

Financial Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Market - Assignment Example The random walk behavior of macroeconomic aggregates can be produced by a wide variety of complicated behavior at the microeconomic level. If income follows a random walk process, any innovation in income or a change in income due to an economic shock is an unexpected change in permanent income affecting consumption growth. The predictive ability of unexpected permanent or actual growth in income is consistent with permanent income hypothesis (PIH). Within the framework of time-series modeling, it was suggested that the standard test is biased towards finding excess sensitivity when disposable income follows a random walk process. If income follows a random walk, the permanent income equals current income. Assuming that permanent income hypothesis is true and consumption equals income since series contains a unit root, the procedures of standardized testing are not valid. If both consumption and income are de-trended, spurious cycles would be exhibited by both series. Since consumption tracks income perfectly over these transitory cycles, it can be concluded that consumption is excessively sensitive to contemporaneous income. The excess sensitivity of consumption does not provide evidence against the permanent income hypothesis unless the income is shown as not to have properties of random walk. The random walk process is followed by the real disposable income. Actual real disposable income approximates real permanent disposable income which determines household consumption. The origins of random walk process of real disposable income are on the supply side including factors of capital market restrictions, changes in trade, capital accumulation, technological adaptation and innovation, climatic and weather change etc. These supply-side shocks have a long-term impact on income and consumption.

Disseminating-Evidence Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Disseminating-Evidence Project - Essay Example Conversely, induced hypothermia can also occur through non-invasive means, typically involving the use of a chilled water blanket, leg wraps or torso vests placed in direct contact with the skin of the patient. Previously conducted studies indicate that patients with the potential risk for ischemic brain injuries have immense chances positive outcomes when treated with an induced hypothermia protocol (Binks et al. 2010). This paper will examine the medical protocol of induced hypothermia, discussing its inherent advantages on neurological outcomes. The paper will provide an account of induced hypothermia, describing the different protocols and effects of hypothermia on the human brain. The paper will culminate with a comprehensive dissemination plan that entails a roundtable discussion. Since its inception, induced hypothermia protocols have proved quite effective. Background Medical practitioners have applied hypothermia therapeutically since ancient times. The history of induced hy pothermia dates as far back as the Hippocrates era although the first published medical article on induced hypothermia was in 1945. The world’s initial modern doctor i.e. Greek physician Hippocrates endorsed the packing of injured soldiers using ice and snow. Napoleonic surgeon Dominique Jean Larrey observed that officers kept near fire had lower survival chances than officers kept in cold environments. The study first published in 1945 focused on the impacts of hypothermia on patients affected by head injuries. In the mid 20th century, hypothermia obtained its initial medical application used in intracerbal aneurysm surgery with a view to establish a bloodless field. Notably, most of the initial research into induced hypothermia concentrated on the application of deep hypothermia i.e. applications of body temperatures between 20-25 Â °C. This extreme drop in body temperature produces an array of effects that made the application of deep hypothermia quite impractical. The 19 50s also saw intense investigation of mild forms of induced hypothermia, i.e. 32-34 Â °C. During this period, Dr. Rosomoff exemplified in dogs the advantages of mild hypothermia pursuant to a traumatic brain injury or ischemia. Researchers conducted further animal studies in the 1980s showing the capacity of mild hypothermia to function as a general neuroprotectant, especially after obstruction of blood flow to the brain (Sessler, 2005). In 1999, after a skiing accident Anna Bagenholm’s heart stopped beating for at least three hours during which her body temperature was 13.7 Â °C prior to resuscitation. In addition to animal studies, as well as Anna Bagenholm’s misfortune, there have been at least two landmark studies published in 2002 in the New England Journal of Medicine. Both studies demonstrated the benefits of applying mild hypothermia following a cardiac arrest. Subsequently, in 2003, the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILOR) and the American Heart Association (AHA) endorsed the application of mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Presently, a growing number of hospitals worldwide incorporate the recommendations of AHA/ILCOR and embrace hypothermic protocols in their standard care packages for patients who suffer cardiac arrest. Certain researchers further contend that induced hypothermia is a better neuroprotectant after obstruction